99/88 Bangkok Boulevard Ramindra, Bangkok13-Pinnacle Zone, Golden Jubilee 010/1 [BMA], Ramindra-TheRing-Nawamintr74-Nualjan-Rachadapisek ROAD, CANNAYAO, BANGKOK 10230, THAILAND, Tel: 6623477052, Fax: 6625083513, MobilePhone: 66819279579, 66896600034, 66866445933
Diamond Head Shape: 59 Long Live Big Plants for CDM [Kyoto Protocol] Project To Do Good forThe King Rama 9 THAILAND
TO-U-Power Consultant:
(1)Interpreter: Japanese-Thai-English-Japanese & Chinese & Documents
(2)Jatropha Curcus Linn-Oil&Plantation Project
(3)Biofuel-Energy-Ethanol [Import&Export]
(4)Heavy Equipment Consultant for Mining & Construction:
[The Great Universe Driver Provider Institute of Tech-nol-o-gy]
[Time Machine Consultant]
Energy Saving Consultant etc.
http://thetmitdriverprovider888-1959sc.blogspot.com/
http://toupowerconsultant.spaces.live.com/
http://earth.google.com/
Tuesday, January 22, 2008
Sunday, January 20, 2008
Mind Speed Machine
Thanks UToday:
January 30th, 2008del.icio.us Digg Reddit Netscape StumbleUpon
A Young Star Grows Up
Written by Nancy Atkinson
Remember when you were young and how Mom always told you to eat everything on your plate so you would get big? Well, there’s a young star heeding that advice about 2,600 light years from Earth in the constellation Monoceros (The Unicorn.) Known as MWC 147, this young stellar object is devouring everything on its “plate,” the disk of gas and dust that surrounds it. Astronomers are witnessing how this star is gaining mass, and is on its way to becoming an adult.
Using the Very Large Telescope Interferometer, ESO (European Organization for Astronomical Research in the Southern Hemisphere) astronomers have peered into the disc of material surrounding MWC 147, witnessing how the star gains its mass as it matures. This star is increasing in mass at a rate of seven millionths of a solar mass per year. Ah, these young stars. It seems like they grow up so fast these days.
MWC 147 is less than half a million years old. If our 4.6 billion year old Sun is considered to be middle-aged, MWC 147 would be a 1-day-old baby. This star is in the family of Herbig Ae/Be objects. These are stars that have a few times the mass of our Sun and are still forming, increasing in mass by swallowing material present in a surrounding disc.
Being 6.6 times more massive than the Sun, however, MWC 147 will only live for about 35 million years, or to draw again the comparison with a person, about 100 days, instead of the 80 year equivalent of our Sun.
We’re still learning about the morphology of the inner environment of these young stars, and everything we can discover helps us to better understand how stars and their surrounding planets form.
The observations by the ESO astronomers show that the temperature changes in this area are much steeper than predicted by current models, indicating that most of the near-infrared emission emerges from hot material located very close to the star, within one or two times the Earth-Sun distance (1-2 AU). This also implies that dust cannot exist so close to the star, since the strong energy radiated by the star heats up and ultimately destroys the dust grains.
"We have performed detailed numerical simulations to understand these observations and reached the conclusion that we observe not only the outer dust disc, but also measure strong emission from a hot inner gaseous disc. This suggests that the disc is not a passive one, simply reprocessing the light from the star," explained astronomer Stefan Kraus. "Instead, the disc is active, and we see the material, which is just transported from the outer disc parts towards the forming star."
Also of note is the beautiful image of the region surrounding MWC 147, which I’ll post below. The number of stars in this image is incredible, and is reminiscent of the “grains of sand” comment by Carl Sagan. This is a wide field image taken by Stéphane Guisard of ESO with a 200 mm lens.
Original News Source: ESO Press Release
Filed under: Astronomy
4 Responses to “A Young Star Grows Up”
Lee Says:
January 30th, 2008 at 11:18 am
" located very close to the star about, within one or two times the Earth-Sun distance "
Not to pick nit to TOO great a degree, but copyreading/proofreading would help these articles a lot. I rarely run across one that doesn't have at least one grammar/syntax/spelling error in it. If modern times sees the death of Good English, let's not contribute to that through simple neglect. I appreciate the knowledge and expertise that goes into the science of these articles, but simple errors just put a big speed bump (at least for me) in the middle of comprehension.
Sorry for the rant, great article otherwise.
Nancy Atkinson Says:
January 30th, 2008 at 1:47 pm
Thanks, Lee for catching that typo. It's now been fixed, and hopefully the death of Good English has been averted for one more day!
Nancy
David Madison, Sr. Says:
January 31st, 2008 at 5:18 am
My companion has multiple advanced college degrees. She will spot a spelling, grammar, syntax, or organizational error in my astronomy writing faster than the cat goes in and out the front door. It is not so much the imperfections in English that give me the speed bumps, but uncertainties in the content.
It is hard to determine if the article shows the two substantially different images of MWC-147 in the same orientation. The color filters are different, and the protostar is tiny.
The protostar is 500,000 years old, gains a solar mass every seven million years, but has 6.6 solar masses. The mass accretion speed was almost a hundred times what it is. It has slowed so much that it could be useful to say it has reached a different stage in its life. This asks how you draw that line.
Our sun will live perhaps 10,000 million years on the main sequence, and this one only 35 million years. There is no intuitively obvious ratio between their masses and their life spans. It would be helpful to show how we calculate this difference.
Hanchai Sawangned Says:
January 31st, 2008 at 10:31 pm
Born, Old, Sick, Reborn…is it?
Live Nature
Circle of Life
Pi = 3.1428… = 22/7 [Approximately]…infinity…the end is origin
or
Pi = Lenght of Circle / Diameter
PI = 3.1415926…[usa]…infinity…the end is origin
it's mean infinity can solve by Circle [O-Ring]
and H-Atom Shape is Circle [O-Ring]&electron[Quantum-Style],…all Periodic Elements of Table too.
Human Nature is formed from infinity-state[elements].
A Car is infinity-state too.
The Earth is cover by Air & No-Air [A-Bubble Earth], why is it not exploded in space [vacuum-state]?
etc.
So Infinity is the key to make "Time Machine".
And The Universe Driver Too., is it or not? please verify?
1/1=1, 1/0=8[infinity] so 0/0=1 & 8[infinity] is it?
1/1=1, 0 & 8[infinity] is it?
form [1/1]*0/0=[1/0]*0=8[infinity]*0=0
and [1/1]*0/0=[1*0]/0=0/0=1 & 8[infinity]
Quantum Mechanic The-o-ry [Planck & Einstein] can solve these, is it? & It's Balance-State, is it? [May be Time & Temperature (Enthalphy) Balance-State] is it?
http://www.google.com/search?sourceid=gmail&q=Planck
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck
http://www.google.com/search?hl=th&q=Einstein&lr=
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bose%E2%80%93Einstein_condensate
http://www.google.com/search?sourceid=gmail&q=Teleportation
or
Quantum Computer [Bose Einstein Condensate Theory=Stop Light Speed to be Zero] by now can 2.7 cm/second is it?
1st draft report of "Time Machine" will finish the end of 20080229, And 1st Final Report of "Time Machine" will Press Release on 2028.
By Hanchai Sawangned
99/88 Bangkok Boulevard Ramindra, Bangkok13-Pinnacle Zone, Golden Jubilee 010/1 {BMA], Ramindra-TheRing-Nawamintr 74-Nualjan-Rachadapisek ROAD, CANNAYAO, BANGKOK 10230, THAILAND
Tel: 66(0)23477052, Fax: 66(0)25083513
January 30th, 2008del.icio.us Digg Reddit Netscape StumbleUpon
A Young Star Grows Up
Written by Nancy Atkinson
Remember when you were young and how Mom always told you to eat everything on your plate so you would get big? Well, there’s a young star heeding that advice about 2,600 light years from Earth in the constellation Monoceros (The Unicorn.) Known as MWC 147, this young stellar object is devouring everything on its “plate,” the disk of gas and dust that surrounds it. Astronomers are witnessing how this star is gaining mass, and is on its way to becoming an adult.
Using the Very Large Telescope Interferometer, ESO (European Organization for Astronomical Research in the Southern Hemisphere) astronomers have peered into the disc of material surrounding MWC 147, witnessing how the star gains its mass as it matures. This star is increasing in mass at a rate of seven millionths of a solar mass per year. Ah, these young stars. It seems like they grow up so fast these days.
MWC 147 is less than half a million years old. If our 4.6 billion year old Sun is considered to be middle-aged, MWC 147 would be a 1-day-old baby. This star is in the family of Herbig Ae/Be objects. These are stars that have a few times the mass of our Sun and are still forming, increasing in mass by swallowing material present in a surrounding disc.
Being 6.6 times more massive than the Sun, however, MWC 147 will only live for about 35 million years, or to draw again the comparison with a person, about 100 days, instead of the 80 year equivalent of our Sun.
We’re still learning about the morphology of the inner environment of these young stars, and everything we can discover helps us to better understand how stars and their surrounding planets form.
The observations by the ESO astronomers show that the temperature changes in this area are much steeper than predicted by current models, indicating that most of the near-infrared emission emerges from hot material located very close to the star, within one or two times the Earth-Sun distance (1-2 AU). This also implies that dust cannot exist so close to the star, since the strong energy radiated by the star heats up and ultimately destroys the dust grains.
"We have performed detailed numerical simulations to understand these observations and reached the conclusion that we observe not only the outer dust disc, but also measure strong emission from a hot inner gaseous disc. This suggests that the disc is not a passive one, simply reprocessing the light from the star," explained astronomer Stefan Kraus. "Instead, the disc is active, and we see the material, which is just transported from the outer disc parts towards the forming star."
Also of note is the beautiful image of the region surrounding MWC 147, which I’ll post below. The number of stars in this image is incredible, and is reminiscent of the “grains of sand” comment by Carl Sagan. This is a wide field image taken by Stéphane Guisard of ESO with a 200 mm lens.
Original News Source: ESO Press Release
Filed under: Astronomy
4 Responses to “A Young Star Grows Up”
Lee Says:
January 30th, 2008 at 11:18 am
" located very close to the star about, within one or two times the Earth-Sun distance "
Not to pick nit to TOO great a degree, but copyreading/proofreading would help these articles a lot. I rarely run across one that doesn't have at least one grammar/syntax/spelling error in it. If modern times sees the death of Good English, let's not contribute to that through simple neglect. I appreciate the knowledge and expertise that goes into the science of these articles, but simple errors just put a big speed bump (at least for me) in the middle of comprehension.
Sorry for the rant, great article otherwise.
Nancy Atkinson Says:
January 30th, 2008 at 1:47 pm
Thanks, Lee for catching that typo. It's now been fixed, and hopefully the death of Good English has been averted for one more day!
Nancy
David Madison, Sr. Says:
January 31st, 2008 at 5:18 am
My companion has multiple advanced college degrees. She will spot a spelling, grammar, syntax, or organizational error in my astronomy writing faster than the cat goes in and out the front door. It is not so much the imperfections in English that give me the speed bumps, but uncertainties in the content.
It is hard to determine if the article shows the two substantially different images of MWC-147 in the same orientation. The color filters are different, and the protostar is tiny.
The protostar is 500,000 years old, gains a solar mass every seven million years, but has 6.6 solar masses. The mass accretion speed was almost a hundred times what it is. It has slowed so much that it could be useful to say it has reached a different stage in its life. This asks how you draw that line.
Our sun will live perhaps 10,000 million years on the main sequence, and this one only 35 million years. There is no intuitively obvious ratio between their masses and their life spans. It would be helpful to show how we calculate this difference.
Hanchai Sawangned Says:
January 31st, 2008 at 10:31 pm
Born, Old, Sick, Reborn…is it?
Live Nature
Circle of Life
Pi = 3.1428… = 22/7 [Approximately]…infinity…the end is origin
or
Pi = Lenght of Circle / Diameter
PI = 3.1415926…[usa]…infinity…the end is origin
it's mean infinity can solve by Circle [O-Ring]
and H-Atom Shape is Circle [O-Ring]&electron[Quantum-Style],…all Periodic Elements of Table too.
Human Nature is formed from infinity-state[elements].
A Car is infinity-state too.
The Earth is cover by Air & No-Air [A-Bubble Earth], why is it not exploded in space [vacuum-state]?
etc.
So Infinity is the key to make "Time Machine".
And The Universe Driver Too., is it or not? please verify?
1/1=1, 1/0=8[infinity] so 0/0=1 & 8[infinity] is it?
1/1=1, 0 & 8[infinity] is it?
form [1/1]*0/0=[1/0]*0=8[infinity]*0=0
and [1/1]*0/0=[1*0]/0=0/0=1 & 8[infinity]
Quantum Mechanic The-o-ry [Planck & Einstein] can solve these, is it? & It's Balance-State, is it? [May be Time & Temperature (Enthalphy) Balance-State] is it?
http://www.google.com/search?sourceid=gmail&q=Planck
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck
http://www.google.com/search?hl=th&q=Einstein&lr=
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bose%E2%80%93Einstein_condensate
http://www.google.com/search?sourceid=gmail&q=Teleportation
or
Quantum Computer [Bose Einstein Condensate Theory=Stop Light Speed to be Zero] by now can 2.7 cm/second is it?
1st draft report of "Time Machine" will finish the end of 20080229, And 1st Final Report of "Time Machine" will Press Release on 2028.
By Hanchai Sawangned
99/88 Bangkok Boulevard Ramindra, Bangkok13-Pinnacle Zone, Golden Jubilee 010/1 {BMA], Ramindra-TheRing-Nawamintr 74-Nualjan-Rachadapisek ROAD, CANNAYAO, BANGKOK 10230, THAILAND
Tel: 66(0)23477052, Fax: 66(0)25083513
Saturday, January 19, 2008
Friday, January 18, 2008
Uni.etc.-The3rdPersonnelRecoverAccidentCarAct.-ABuilding
ABuilding: Againts Avenue-37-KlongTon-Pattanakarn(Development) ROAD, It's TNI door in-coming-way.
TNI-ThaiNichiInstitute of Technol-o-gy-U Visit
Energy Save Car Contest 2007-2008:
1.The1stPrizeAward-TNI
2.ChulaU.-2ndAward
3.etc.
Sunday, January 13, 2008
Flat Black Hole can Lurk in Thin Galaxy: Thanks Uinverse Today
Supermassive black holes are thought to lurk at the heart of most galaxies. Scientists have long believed that only the galaxies with thick central bulges could pull together enough mass for a supermassive black hole to form. But NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope has turned up evidence that even skinny galaxies, with no central bulge, can still form these galactic monsters.
Super Neutron Star May Be Possible: Thanks Universe Today
When a star like our Sun dies, it'll end up as a white dwarf. And if a star contains 1.4 times the mass of the Sun, it'll have enough gravity to turn into a neutron star. Much bigger stars turn into black holes. But now it turns out, neutron stars can be much more massive than astronomers previously believed - and making black holes might be much more difficult.
Ramindra-TheRing-Nawamintr74&72-RachadaPisek ROAD
SunRise[UP]*SunSet[XUP] ...Positive ThinkingCloseUP*OpenUP
TheTwin&TAO&ZEN ...Born&ReBorn...RealTruthProbabilityPossibility
Give&Take, Take&Give
Happy&XHappy
Pi = 22/7 = 3.1428...infinity...the end is Original
Circle or Global...Oh!TheRingTwist is Infinity
O = Original, O-Ring--> when infinity twist is Infinity*Infinity=DNA&RNA=DigitalC+GnomeC
O = Oxygen = Oxidization = Life-Time = LD = Light&Dark = White&Black
HappyHeart=GodsGoodHappyHeart=DoneGood=BalancedUniverse(s)[Galax(ies)]=UPToo...is it?[=is it or not? please verify/].
As: Human vs Angel & SuperHuman=Superman=Saint(s) & etc.,...TheFormular is come(or came) form the form of Original circle shape (Pi=3.1428...or Omega is in multiple{XXX(Positive Thinking of Balanced Power) Tycoon=Tri Cool}...Periodic Table of Elements, Hydrogen-Atom, Oxygen-Atom...6-Quark(s)...Neutron(s)+Protron(s)-Electron(s)...Neutrino&HeavyWater)...Bangkok13+113Elements+Pinnacle Zone, Bangkok Boulevard Ramindra, THAILAND&CHINA etc.[2540(1997)-->2560(2016)]8Era-2008OlympicGames.
Tri Cool Equation: is 1/1=1, 1/0=8(infinity) and 0/0=1 & 8(infinity) [Thai: ๑/๑ = ๑, ๑/๐ = ๐๐(8)(๘) And ๐/๐ = ๑ & (๐๐) or 8 or ๘] , 0/0 = Percentage or Ratio is in Balanced State[100 Over 100].
So To Po: Pi is 22/7 = 3.1428...(220MillionYears-Sun&Earth Orbit-around-BlackHole Of Milky-Way Galaxy in 2008: 5400MillionYearsAgo[24.545454...OrbitsSpace-Time] & Next 4600MillionYearsToward[20.909090...OrbitsSpace-Time]) That Means Pi is in Original Characteristic Specification Shown Universal Source Code*is it or not? please verify again & again?
...to be continue...
[Copy Right & Trade Mark] By Hanchai Sawangned: 99/88 Bangkok Boulevard Ramindra, Bangkok13(๑๓)-Pinnacle Zone, Golden Jubilee 010/1[BMA], Ramindra-TheRing-Nawamintr74&72-Nualjan-RachadaPisek ROAD, CANNAYAO, BANGKOK 10230, THAILAND, Tel: 66(0)23477052, Fax: 66(0)25083513, Mobile Phone: 66(0)896600034 & 66(0)866445933
Sunday, January 6, 2008
What the...? More detailPlease?
from "¤j®e¶q CD ¾ã²z¥]" 9:39 pm (0 minutes ago)
to sun.sonny@gmail.com, date Jan 11, 2008 9:39 PM
subject 尖峰時刻3 Rush Hour 3&卡拉OK/MTV
業界 最 新 最 ㄏ ㄤ 的 wii 遊 戲 網 站 來 摟
日 本 偶 像 劇 場 DVD (313 套) X ~ B O X 賽 車 類~97 套~X B O X 3 6 0 ~134 套~P S P 遊 戲 合 集 (69 套)X ~ B O X 模 擬 類~45 套~
點 我 看 考
一萬二千多部電影原版大片，絕對低價，刷卡訂購，全球寄送本週電影銷售排行??
點我參觀
to sun.sonny@gmail.com, date Jan 11, 2008 9:39 PM
subject 尖峰時刻3 Rush Hour 3&卡拉OK/MTV
業界 最 新 最 ㄏ ㄤ 的 wii 遊 戲 網 站 來 摟
日 本 偶 像 劇 場 DVD (313 套) X ~ B O X 賽 車 類~97 套~X B O X 3 6 0 ~134 套~P S P 遊 戲 合 集 (69 套)X ~ B O X 模 擬 類~45 套~
點 我 看 考
一萬二千多部電影原版大片，絕對低價，刷卡訂購，全球寄送本週電影銷售排行??
點我參觀
UToo, Singularity vs Big Bang
*UToo=Original Univrse State, Perfect Dark, Calm100 Over 100[InnosenseNothing]-Infinity State**Physic=Lights[Red,Green&Blue], LifeTime, Specification. of Periodic Table of Elements, H2&O2, Sun[HydrogenFusion]&Earth Galaxies etc.
***Bio=H2O & Lightning 2Million Volts, AminoAcid, Single Cell Fungi, PSB,...LifeStyle&Time Human,...Humanoid
****Kama[Activities]=Chlorophyll[Green], Human[Red],...OxidizationHotestState[Blue],..BlueRay
*****Dhamma[Nature]=Human Nature Fell Control, God & Good State[Heart Fusion]
x, y, z & Time event Pi=3.1428...Infinity Global Boundary...is it or not? please verify?
to be continue...
Friday, January 4, 2008
2008for2007Automobiles: Big3THAILAND--ThanksEcoReviewBKKPost
The aftermath of the 1997 crash reduced stock-market speculators to sandwich peddlers while others suffered even more drastic consequences.
Over the following year, Thailand's automobile industry was but a shadow of its former self with annual sales of 144,065 vehicles _ down from the record of 589,126 set just two years earlier.
Tri Petch Isuzu sales president Morikazu Chokki faced the financial crunch as a company vice-president back in 1998. He explains what Isuzu learned:
"Customer satisfaction has been one of our main policies since long before the crisis took place in 1997. It is part of our corporate culture.
The toughest-ever crisis has taught me that steadfastly fulfilling the customer's needs with both pre- and post-sale services is the winning strategy that enabled our sales to recover fully from the slump by 2003, one year earlier than the overall market did."
Like all other brands, Isuzu invested heavily after positive projections stemming from the sales record set in 1996. However, unlike others, Isuzu only erected a building at its Gateway facility without installing heavy machinery and production lines.
After the baht was floated and the vehicle market contracted to 363,156 units sold in 1997 before dropping to 144,065 in 1998, Mitsubishi Corporation injected about eight billion baht into Tri Petch Isuzu Sales at the end of 1998 to help its dealers and boost operations.
"We are customer-focused because satisfied customers are the key to a profitable business," Mr Chokki stressed.
"It is obvious that the customer's voice is so loud that you might have to pay an extremely high price if appropriate attention is not paid."
Indeed, Isuzu was one of the few brands spared the embarrassment of being paraded on public roads by disgruntled customers, some of whom smashed the windshields of their own vehicles in January 2005.
Honda Automobile Thailand director Pitak Pruittisarikorn shared similar sentiments about events of 10 years ago.
"After 1997, we didn't downsize or lay off employees but instead we implemented several measures aimed at enhancing the importance of Thailand on a regional scale by developing human resources, investing in production capacity and establishing a Honda R&D Asia-Pacific centre," he said.
The top executives of the top three carmakers share reflections on how they steered their operations through turbulent times after the crisis knocked the local industry off the road
Chokki: Customers must be kept happy
Pitak: Plans went beyond copying with the crisis
Sonoda: Suppliers and dealers helped out
"I must say that the current situation, when compared with what happened back in 1997, is totally different.
In 1997, the combination of private-sector debt, an overrated baht exchange rate, the government's efforts to fend off baht speculators and the flotation of the currency itself all contributed to a sudden increase in private-sector debts.
"Lay-offs were rampant, consumers stopped spending and the automobile industry suffered.
Honda also experienced problems but we chose to implement measures unlike the rest of the competition.
We didn't just want to get past the crisis but we wanted to lay the foundations for Thailand to gain a prominent regional role as well".
Honda Thailand's five core activities are: sending employees to be trained abroad, increasing automotive exports, doubling production capacity to 120,000 vehicles, establishing a 379-million-baht training centre at the Bang Chan industrial estate capable of accommodating 12,000 employees annually, and the 2.4-billion-baht Honda R&D Asia-Pacific centre.
Rounding out Thailand's Big Three is market leader Toyota Motor Thailand, which increased its registered capital more than eight-fold, from 520 million baht to 4.52 billion baht, in 1998 before raising it to 7.52 billion in 2001.
The move, coupled with other cost-reduction activities such as staff rotation and voluntary reductions of working hours and certain benefits, enabled Toyota to withstand the financial crisis and maintain its leadership, with a 41% market share to date.
"We were able to maintain our human resources under normal conditions without salary deductions or layoffs by imposing other measures to decrease costs," said president Mitsuhiro Sonoda.
"Moreover, we supported our suppliers and dealers to help keep them in business.
We prepared each work unit to ensure it was ready when the economy showed signs of recovery. Our efforts during the crisis led us to our success, with the IMV project, strong dealerships, supplier network and quality products."
Toyota currently has a production capacity of 550,000 vehicles per year, with 13,000 personnel, 119 dealerships and 289 showrooms.
There was no stopping Bangkok Alloy Enterprise (BAE) in early 1997. The outlook was wildly positive for this first-tier automobile supplier.
Management had just spent 190 million baht on 145 rai of land and a state-of-the-art factory in Chachoengsao, part of the Board of Investment's Zone 2, at Km 64 near the Suwintawong area in order to take advantage of five years of tax-free incentives _ and to embrace a glorious era of growth and unprecedented demand for engine blocks.
Like a tsunami, the financial crisis of 1997 hit BAE without warning as it claimed innocent victims without discriminating by nationality or business sector.
After the Chavalit Yongchaiyudh government floated the baht, the exchange rate against the US dollar gradually picked up momentum from 25 to 48 to the dollar, peaking at 56 in early 1998.
Formed as a trading company in October 1991, BAE was built on two pillars. First was the demand of Japanese automobile companies for first-tier suppliers. Second was the BoI's policy to spread investment into the provincial areas.
"Before the crash, the most important factor was that foreign banks were so eager to lend us credit _ no guarantee, no business plan, just a statement.
BAE took out loans of about 150 million baht when the baht was 25 to the dollar," said chairman Praphan Dejsuwanachai.
BAE's land purchase cost 60 million baht while the factory cost 30 million baht and leased machinery 100 million.
BAE opened its new factory in April 1997, which according to management, there were "no signs of a crisis".
"We got wind of it through government channels but we believed in our customers [Japanese automobile companies] because monthly orders of five million baht came from them. So the project went on as planned."
On July 2, 1997, the Bank of Thailand floated the baht. "We had no experience.
All we knew was the exchange rate jumped from 25 to 30 then 40. Our advisers (Japanese) said things would improve but we needed to pay our debts," he said.
A forwarding system was introduced as a means of repaying loans via fixed rates at a small premium.
BAE's creditors included seven banks and it had incurred severe losses after forwarding its loan payments at a rate of 48 baht to the dollar even as the exchange rate went to 42.
Simply put, many companies just went bankrupt and closed operations in 2000.
On the other end of the spectrum were a series of cash injections from Japanese parent companies.
Praphan: No signs of crisis seen
BAE itself became a non-performing loan (NPL) in 1999, with debts of 200 million baht. But in 2003, it left the NPL list after renegotiations with creditors.
From the brink of defeat with 1.5 million baht in revenues per month, BAE today generates monthly revenues of 50 million baht from cylinder casings for Honda power products, barrels, and motorcycle hubs. Its workforce has more than doubled to 350 from 150.
"Do we want to invest more?" Mr Praphan asks rhetorically. "I am scared because of the political uncertainty. The baht is stronger and that is bad for exports. We'll see after the elections. All we want to do is maintain our volume."
For now, BAE has allocated 100 rai of land out of its total 145 rai to cultivate rice. "We want to make use of the land."
Over the following year, Thailand's automobile industry was but a shadow of its former self with annual sales of 144,065 vehicles _ down from the record of 589,126 set just two years earlier.
Tri Petch Isuzu sales president Morikazu Chokki faced the financial crunch as a company vice-president back in 1998. He explains what Isuzu learned:
"Customer satisfaction has been one of our main policies since long before the crisis took place in 1997. It is part of our corporate culture.
The toughest-ever crisis has taught me that steadfastly fulfilling the customer's needs with both pre- and post-sale services is the winning strategy that enabled our sales to recover fully from the slump by 2003, one year earlier than the overall market did."
Like all other brands, Isuzu invested heavily after positive projections stemming from the sales record set in 1996. However, unlike others, Isuzu only erected a building at its Gateway facility without installing heavy machinery and production lines.
After the baht was floated and the vehicle market contracted to 363,156 units sold in 1997 before dropping to 144,065 in 1998, Mitsubishi Corporation injected about eight billion baht into Tri Petch Isuzu Sales at the end of 1998 to help its dealers and boost operations.
"We are customer-focused because satisfied customers are the key to a profitable business," Mr Chokki stressed.
"It is obvious that the customer's voice is so loud that you might have to pay an extremely high price if appropriate attention is not paid."
Indeed, Isuzu was one of the few brands spared the embarrassment of being paraded on public roads by disgruntled customers, some of whom smashed the windshields of their own vehicles in January 2005.
Honda Automobile Thailand director Pitak Pruittisarikorn shared similar sentiments about events of 10 years ago.
"After 1997, we didn't downsize or lay off employees but instead we implemented several measures aimed at enhancing the importance of Thailand on a regional scale by developing human resources, investing in production capacity and establishing a Honda R&D Asia-Pacific centre," he said.
The top executives of the top three carmakers share reflections on how they steered their operations through turbulent times after the crisis knocked the local industry off the road
Chokki: Customers must be kept happy
Pitak: Plans went beyond copying with the crisis
Sonoda: Suppliers and dealers helped out
"I must say that the current situation, when compared with what happened back in 1997, is totally different.
In 1997, the combination of private-sector debt, an overrated baht exchange rate, the government's efforts to fend off baht speculators and the flotation of the currency itself all contributed to a sudden increase in private-sector debts.
"Lay-offs were rampant, consumers stopped spending and the automobile industry suffered.
Honda also experienced problems but we chose to implement measures unlike the rest of the competition.
We didn't just want to get past the crisis but we wanted to lay the foundations for Thailand to gain a prominent regional role as well".
Honda Thailand's five core activities are: sending employees to be trained abroad, increasing automotive exports, doubling production capacity to 120,000 vehicles, establishing a 379-million-baht training centre at the Bang Chan industrial estate capable of accommodating 12,000 employees annually, and the 2.4-billion-baht Honda R&D Asia-Pacific centre.
Rounding out Thailand's Big Three is market leader Toyota Motor Thailand, which increased its registered capital more than eight-fold, from 520 million baht to 4.52 billion baht, in 1998 before raising it to 7.52 billion in 2001.
The move, coupled with other cost-reduction activities such as staff rotation and voluntary reductions of working hours and certain benefits, enabled Toyota to withstand the financial crisis and maintain its leadership, with a 41% market share to date.
"We were able to maintain our human resources under normal conditions without salary deductions or layoffs by imposing other measures to decrease costs," said president Mitsuhiro Sonoda.
"Moreover, we supported our suppliers and dealers to help keep them in business.
We prepared each work unit to ensure it was ready when the economy showed signs of recovery. Our efforts during the crisis led us to our success, with the IMV project, strong dealerships, supplier network and quality products."
Toyota currently has a production capacity of 550,000 vehicles per year, with 13,000 personnel, 119 dealerships and 289 showrooms.
There was no stopping Bangkok Alloy Enterprise (BAE) in early 1997. The outlook was wildly positive for this first-tier automobile supplier.
Management had just spent 190 million baht on 145 rai of land and a state-of-the-art factory in Chachoengsao, part of the Board of Investment's Zone 2, at Km 64 near the Suwintawong area in order to take advantage of five years of tax-free incentives _ and to embrace a glorious era of growth and unprecedented demand for engine blocks.
Like a tsunami, the financial crisis of 1997 hit BAE without warning as it claimed innocent victims without discriminating by nationality or business sector.
After the Chavalit Yongchaiyudh government floated the baht, the exchange rate against the US dollar gradually picked up momentum from 25 to 48 to the dollar, peaking at 56 in early 1998.
Formed as a trading company in October 1991, BAE was built on two pillars. First was the demand of Japanese automobile companies for first-tier suppliers. Second was the BoI's policy to spread investment into the provincial areas.
"Before the crash, the most important factor was that foreign banks were so eager to lend us credit _ no guarantee, no business plan, just a statement.
BAE took out loans of about 150 million baht when the baht was 25 to the dollar," said chairman Praphan Dejsuwanachai.
BAE's land purchase cost 60 million baht while the factory cost 30 million baht and leased machinery 100 million.
BAE opened its new factory in April 1997, which according to management, there were "no signs of a crisis".
"We got wind of it through government channels but we believed in our customers [Japanese automobile companies] because monthly orders of five million baht came from them. So the project went on as planned."
On July 2, 1997, the Bank of Thailand floated the baht. "We had no experience.
All we knew was the exchange rate jumped from 25 to 30 then 40. Our advisers (Japanese) said things would improve but we needed to pay our debts," he said.
A forwarding system was introduced as a means of repaying loans via fixed rates at a small premium.
BAE's creditors included seven banks and it had incurred severe losses after forwarding its loan payments at a rate of 48 baht to the dollar even as the exchange rate went to 42.
Simply put, many companies just went bankrupt and closed operations in 2000.
On the other end of the spectrum were a series of cash injections from Japanese parent companies.
Praphan: No signs of crisis seen
BAE itself became a non-performing loan (NPL) in 1999, with debts of 200 million baht. But in 2003, it left the NPL list after renegotiations with creditors.
From the brink of defeat with 1.5 million baht in revenues per month, BAE today generates monthly revenues of 50 million baht from cylinder casings for Honda power products, barrels, and motorcycle hubs. Its workforce has more than doubled to 350 from 150.
"Do we want to invest more?" Mr Praphan asks rhetorically. "I am scared because of the political uncertainty. The baht is stronger and that is bad for exports. We'll see after the elections. All we want to do is maintain our volume."
For now, BAE has allocated 100 rai of land out of its total 145 rai to cultivate rice. "We want to make use of the land."
Wednesday, January 2, 2008
Han Dynasty, Cai Dynasty, Wei Dynasty at www.en.wikipedia.org
Han
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
www.en.wikipedia.org
Han may refer to:
"Han" in China
"Han" in Japan
"Han" in Korea
"Han" in Vietnam
"Han" in other worldwide regions
6 People named Han
6.1 Fictional
6.2 Historical
7 Miscellaneous
22Han.22_in_China"(漢), an abbreviation or adjectival modifier for things Chinese.
(漢族 Hanzu, 漢人 Hanren), (漢語 Hanyu) or Chinese characters (漢字 "Hanzi" (漢文 Hanwen)
"Han Dynasty" (漢朝 Hanchao) (202 BC - 220 AD) of China, also known as Han China.
"Han (state)" (韓國 Hanguo), one of seven powerful kingdoms during the Chinese "Warring States" Period.
"Han Zhao" (漢趙), one of the Chinese Sixteen Kingdoms, founded by the Liu family.
"Cheng Han" (成漢), another of the Sixteen Kingdoms, founded by the Li family.
(南漢 Nanhan), a kingdom during the Chinese Period of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms,
"Northern Han" (北漢 Beihan), a kingdom during the Chinese Period of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms.
"Han River (Hanshui)" (漢水 Hanshui, 漢江 Hanjiang), a tributary of the Yangtze with its mouth at Wuhan, Hubei, China.
Han River (Guangdong)" (韓江 Hanjiang), a river in eastern Guangdong province, China that flows into the South China Sea.
"Han class submarine" the first "Nuclear powered" submarine class (SSN) deployed by the People's Liberation Army Navy.
Han (汗) or Kehan (可汗), the Chinese transliteration of "Khan"
"Han (surname)" is "Romanization" spelling of many Chinese family names: 韓, 韩, 邗, 罕, 寒, 憨, 漢, etc.
".22Han.22_in_Japan "Han" in Japan
(藩), a term for a feudal clan or fief in Japan (See also: "Abolition of the han system"
"22Han.22_in_Korea "Han" in Korea
an abbreviation for Hanguk (한국, 韓國), the South Korean name for Korea.
an archaic Korean root meaning "great" or "leader"; transliterated into hanja as 韓, 幹, or 刊; see a title="Names of Korea" "Samhan" are three confederacies of chiefdoms on the southern Korean peninsula in the Proto-Three Han Kingdoms Period
"Han (surname)" a Korean surname (한, 韓 or 漢) also romanized "Hahn."
"Han River (Korea)" Han River (Korea)(한강, 漢江), a river passing through Seoul, South Korea
"Han (cultural)" , a Korean cultural concept of lament
"Korean language" (한국어 Hankugeo) or (한글 Hangul
".22Han.22_in_Vietnam "Han" in Vietnam
"new" title="Han River (Vietnam)" , a river passing through Danang, Vietnam
HAN, the "International Air Transport Association" code for "Noi Bai International Airport" "Hanoi"
".22Han.22_in_other_worldwide_regions "Han&action=edit§ion=5" "Han" in other worldwide regions
"Han (North American people)", a Canadian First Nation
"Hän language" an endangered Native American language spoken by the Hän people
"Han-sur-Lesse", Rochefort, Belgium
"Han, Turkey"
"People_named_Han"
"Fictional" is "Han Solo" , a character in the Star Wars films
"Han Fastolfe", a character created by "Isaac Asimov"
"Han Pritchard", a character in Second Foundation by "Isaac Asimov"
"List of Ender's jeesh" "27s_jeesh#Han_Tzu">Han Tzu ("Hot Soup"), a member of "Ender's jeesh" in the Ender's Game series by Orson Scott Card
"Han Qing-jao", a major character in the novel Xenocide of the Ender's Game series by Orson Scott Card
Han Fei-tzu, Qing-jao's father
Han Jiang-qing, Qing-jao's mother
"Han Fu (fictional)", a character in the 14th century novel "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" by Luo Guanzhong
"Han Tao" href=" a character in the "Water Margin" or Outlaws of the Marsh
"Historical" name="Historical: Jeen Han (also known as Gina Han) or "Sunny Han" of the Han twins murder conspiracy
"Han Zheng" current mayor of Shanghai
"Han Xin" Chinese general
"Han Yu" poet
"Han Xiang" one of the "Eight Immortals" ="Han Ji-min" , actress
"Hon Sui Sen" politician (Singaporean spelling of Han)
"Han Fei", Chinese philosopher who developed the Chinese philosophy of "Legalism (Chinese philosophy)"
"Tian Han", Chinese playwright, best known for writing the lyrics of the "March of the Volunteers"
"Han Xin (Prince of Han)"
"Keiko Han" Japanese voice actor
"Han Bennink" , Dutch jazz musician
"Jefferson Y. Han" , research scientist for the "Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences" of New York University
"Han Kuo-Huang" , Chinese-born American ethnomusicologist
"Yuny Han" , South Korean actress
"Han Yong-un" , Korean Buddhist reformer and poet
"Han Kulker" , Dutch middle distance runner
"Han De" , Wei officer
"Han Xiaopeng" , Chinese freestyle skier and Olympic gold medalist
"Zhang Han" , Chinese general of the Qin Dynasty
"Mei Han" , Chinese musician
"Han Gan" , Chinese painter of the Tang Dynasty
"Han Juzi" , Chinese officer who served under "Yuan Shao"
"Han Dongfang" Chinese human rights activist
"Han Fu" , Chinese bureaucrat during the late Eastern Han Dynasty
"Han Xuan" , governor of Changsha during the Han Dynasty and Three Kingdoms era of China
"Han Xianchu" , general of the Chinese Communist armed forces
"Han Shaogong" , prominent and innovative Chinese writer
"Han Hoogerbrugge" , Dutch digital artist
"Han Zhangluan" , official of the Northern Qi Dynasty of China
"Han Sui" , military leader of the Han Dynasty and Three Kingdoms era of China
"Han Tuozhou" , Chinese statesman of the Southern Song Dynasty
"Jiawei Han" , computer scientist
"Han Mahmud" , a Kurd lord
"Han Yin"
"Han Zhong" , high-ranking Chinese general of the "Yellow Turbans"
"Han Hao" , Chinese officer who served under "Cao Cao" Han, the name of a priest and a deacon martyred with "Abda and Abdjesus"
"Miscellaneous" name="Miscellaneou"
"Han unification" ("Chinese character" ) in Unicode
Alternative spelling of title "Khan"
Minority populations
survived until the Edo period.
In the Edo period the provinces remained as geographical names. In contrast, the han was a local governmental structure and, therefore, described the area over which each local government could exercise its power. The han system was determined by the Tokugawa Bakufu (Shogunate): The size of a han varied but according to the Tokugawa Shogunate definition, each han was a dominion from which at least 10,000 koku were harvested each year; a daimyo was defined as the head of a han and served the Shogun directly. If a retainer of a daimyo had a fief of over 10,000 koku (e.g. "Katakura Kagetsuna" of Tokushima), he served not the Shogun but the daimyo—he was therefore not a daimyo, by definition. However, the government and dominion of such samurai were still called han, as a matter of convenience.
When the "Tokugawa shogunate" fell, the han system remained in force for a few years into the "Meiji period", but was subsequently replaced with the prefectures which remain in use today.
[edit] Relations between Han and Bakufu
The structures of a han and the Bakufu were principally similar because "Tokugawa Ieyasu", the founder of the bakufu, kept the governmental structure which his ancestors had developed when they were small local daimyo in "Mikawa province". Some daimyo, especially those whose ancestors had served the ancestors of the Shogun, were lords of the han and also bureaucrats of the bakufu. Most of them governed fiefs rated from one to twelve koku. Other daimyo had no permanent office in the bakufu but were appointed to a temporary office.
Each daimyo served the Shogun and received the right of governance from the Shogunate. The heir of each daimyo was recognized in advance by the Shogunate. When a son of blood or an adopted son of a daimyo was determined as the heir of his father, the son went to "Edo Castle" castle in Edo and met the Shogun for recognition and permission to succeed. If this procedure was ignored, the succession was cancelled by the Shogunate, and a han was abolished in a practice called toritsubushi (scrapping) in Japanese.
Though every daimyo swore loyalty to the Shogun, their relationships varied. Aside from personal factors, the relationship between each han and the bakufu was determined and influenced by the relationship between the founder of the han and the shogunate or the ancestors of the Tokugawa. Roughly there were three classifications: Shinpan (Tokugawa's relatives), "Fudai" (those who had been friendly to Tokugawa from before "Battle of Sekigahara" and "Tozama" (those who were against Tokugawa at the time of Sekigahara). There was another classification by size of domain.
"Rank_of_Han" name="Rank_of_Han"
"Edit section: Rank of Han" Rank of Han
Han varied by size and therefore by income. Every han was classified by the shogunate mainly by size. But the classification was determined by political significance, and han and daimyo were expected to behave suitably to their class.
The largest han occupied domains wider than a province and their daimyo were called kokushu, provincial lord. In Mutsu and Dewa provinces major daimyo were also granted this class, as their han occupied the whole province. Maeda, Shimazu, Ikeda, Date and other major daimyo were classified as provincial lords.
Some han were assigned to the highest rank provincial lord, even though their han were small, which could become a financial burden in some situations.
The lowest ranked daimyo were forbidden to build a castle. In the early years of the Edo period the Shogunate enacted the one province, one castle policy but later multiple castles were built in a province.
Wei Zheng, a famous statesman of the Tang Dynasty
Northern Wei
"Northern Wei Dynasty"
Year
People
Number
Destination
398
Hsien-pei of Hopei and Northern "Shantung" 100,000
"Datong" 399
Great Chinese families
2,000 families
"Datong" 399
Chinese peasants from Honan
100,000
"Shanxi" 418
Hsien-pei of Hopei
?
"Datong" 427
Pop. of the Kingdom of Hsia
10,000
"Shanxi" 432
Pop. of Liaoning
30,000 families
Hopei
435
Pop. of Shensi and Kansu
?
"Datong" 445
Chinese peasants from Honan and Shantung
?
North of Yellow River
449
Craftsmen from Changan
2,000 families
etc.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
www.en.wikipedia.org
Han may refer to:
"Han" in China
"Han" in Japan
"Han" in Korea
"Han" in Vietnam
"Han" in other worldwide regions
6 People named Han
6.1 Fictional
6.2 Historical
7 Miscellaneous
22Han.22_in_China"(漢), an abbreviation or adjectival modifier for things Chinese.
(漢族 Hanzu, 漢人 Hanren), (漢語 Hanyu) or Chinese characters (漢字 "Hanzi" (漢文 Hanwen)
"Han Dynasty" (漢朝 Hanchao) (202 BC - 220 AD) of China, also known as Han China.
"Han (state)" (韓國 Hanguo), one of seven powerful kingdoms during the Chinese "Warring States" Period.
"Han Zhao" (漢趙), one of the Chinese Sixteen Kingdoms, founded by the Liu family.
"Cheng Han" (成漢), another of the Sixteen Kingdoms, founded by the Li family.
(南漢 Nanhan), a kingdom during the Chinese Period of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms,
"Northern Han" (北漢 Beihan), a kingdom during the Chinese Period of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms.
"Han River (Hanshui)" (漢水 Hanshui, 漢江 Hanjiang), a tributary of the Yangtze with its mouth at Wuhan, Hubei, China.
Han River (Guangdong)" (韓江 Hanjiang), a river in eastern Guangdong province, China that flows into the South China Sea.
"Han class submarine" the first "Nuclear powered" submarine class (SSN) deployed by the People's Liberation Army Navy.
Han (汗) or Kehan (可汗), the Chinese transliteration of "Khan"
"Han (surname)" is "Romanization" spelling of many Chinese family names: 韓, 韩, 邗, 罕, 寒, 憨, 漢, etc.
".22Han.22_in_Japan "Han" in Japan
(藩), a term for a feudal clan or fief in Japan (See also: "Abolition of the han system"
"22Han.22_in_Korea "Han" in Korea
an abbreviation for Hanguk (한국, 韓國), the South Korean name for Korea.
an archaic Korean root meaning "great" or "leader"; transliterated into hanja as 韓, 幹, or 刊; see a title="Names of Korea" "Samhan" are three confederacies of chiefdoms on the southern Korean peninsula in the Proto-Three Han Kingdoms Period
"Han (surname)" a Korean surname (한, 韓 or 漢) also romanized "Hahn."
"Han River (Korea)" Han River (Korea)(한강, 漢江), a river passing through Seoul, South Korea
"Han (cultural)" , a Korean cultural concept of lament
"Korean language" (한국어 Hankugeo) or (한글 Hangul
".22Han.22_in_Vietnam "Han" in Vietnam
"new" title="Han River (Vietnam)" , a river passing through Danang, Vietnam
HAN, the "International Air Transport Association" code for "Noi Bai International Airport" "Hanoi"
".22Han.22_in_other_worldwide_regions "Han&action=edit§ion=5" "Han" in other worldwide regions
"Han (North American people)", a Canadian First Nation
"Hän language" an endangered Native American language spoken by the Hän people
"Han-sur-Lesse", Rochefort, Belgium
"Han, Turkey"
"People_named_Han"
"Fictional" is "Han Solo" , a character in the Star Wars films
"Han Fastolfe", a character created by "Isaac Asimov"
"Han Pritchard", a character in Second Foundation by "Isaac Asimov"
"List of Ender's jeesh" "27s_jeesh#Han_Tzu">Han Tzu ("Hot Soup"), a member of "Ender's jeesh" in the Ender's Game series by Orson Scott Card
"Han Qing-jao", a major character in the novel Xenocide of the Ender's Game series by Orson Scott Card
Han Fei-tzu, Qing-jao's father
Han Jiang-qing, Qing-jao's mother
"Han Fu (fictional)", a character in the 14th century novel "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" by Luo Guanzhong
"Han Tao" href=" a character in the "Water Margin" or Outlaws of the Marsh
"Historical" name="Historical: Jeen Han (also known as Gina Han) or "Sunny Han" of the Han twins murder conspiracy
"Han Zheng" current mayor of Shanghai
"Han Xin" Chinese general
"Han Yu" poet
"Han Xiang" one of the "Eight Immortals" ="Han Ji-min" , actress
"Hon Sui Sen" politician (Singaporean spelling of Han)
"Han Fei", Chinese philosopher who developed the Chinese philosophy of "Legalism (Chinese philosophy)"
"Tian Han", Chinese playwright, best known for writing the lyrics of the "March of the Volunteers"
"Han Xin (Prince of Han)"
"Keiko Han" Japanese voice actor
"Han Bennink" , Dutch jazz musician
"Jefferson Y. Han" , research scientist for the "Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences" of New York University
"Han Kuo-Huang" , Chinese-born American ethnomusicologist
"Yuny Han" , South Korean actress
"Han Yong-un" , Korean Buddhist reformer and poet
"Han Kulker" , Dutch middle distance runner
"Han De" , Wei officer
"Han Xiaopeng" , Chinese freestyle skier and Olympic gold medalist
"Zhang Han" , Chinese general of the Qin Dynasty
"Mei Han" , Chinese musician
"Han Gan" , Chinese painter of the Tang Dynasty
"Han Juzi" , Chinese officer who served under "Yuan Shao"
"Han Dongfang" Chinese human rights activist
"Han Fu" , Chinese bureaucrat during the late Eastern Han Dynasty
"Han Xuan" , governor of Changsha during the Han Dynasty and Three Kingdoms era of China
"Han Xianchu" , general of the Chinese Communist armed forces
"Han Shaogong" , prominent and innovative Chinese writer
"Han Hoogerbrugge" , Dutch digital artist
"Han Zhangluan" , official of the Northern Qi Dynasty of China
"Han Sui" , military leader of the Han Dynasty and Three Kingdoms era of China
"Han Tuozhou" , Chinese statesman of the Southern Song Dynasty
"Jiawei Han" , computer scientist
"Han Mahmud" , a Kurd lord
"Han Yin"
"Han Zhong" , high-ranking Chinese general of the "Yellow Turbans"
"Han Hao" , Chinese officer who served under "Cao Cao" Han, the name of a priest and a deacon martyred with "Abda and Abdjesus"
"Miscellaneous" name="Miscellaneou"
"Han unification" ("Chinese character" ) in Unicode
Alternative spelling of title "Khan"
Minority populations
survived until the Edo period.
In the Edo period the provinces remained as geographical names. In contrast, the han was a local governmental structure and, therefore, described the area over which each local government could exercise its power. The han system was determined by the Tokugawa Bakufu (Shogunate): The size of a han varied but according to the Tokugawa Shogunate definition, each han was a dominion from which at least 10,000 koku were harvested each year; a daimyo was defined as the head of a han and served the Shogun directly. If a retainer of a daimyo had a fief of over 10,000 koku (e.g. "Katakura Kagetsuna" of Tokushima), he served not the Shogun but the daimyo—he was therefore not a daimyo, by definition. However, the government and dominion of such samurai were still called han, as a matter of convenience.
When the "Tokugawa shogunate" fell, the han system remained in force for a few years into the "Meiji period", but was subsequently replaced with the prefectures which remain in use today.
[edit] Relations between Han and Bakufu
The structures of a han and the Bakufu were principally similar because "Tokugawa Ieyasu", the founder of the bakufu, kept the governmental structure which his ancestors had developed when they were small local daimyo in "Mikawa province". Some daimyo, especially those whose ancestors had served the ancestors of the Shogun, were lords of the han and also bureaucrats of the bakufu. Most of them governed fiefs rated from one to twelve koku. Other daimyo had no permanent office in the bakufu but were appointed to a temporary office.
Each daimyo served the Shogun and received the right of governance from the Shogunate. The heir of each daimyo was recognized in advance by the Shogunate. When a son of blood or an adopted son of a daimyo was determined as the heir of his father, the son went to "Edo Castle" castle in Edo and met the Shogun for recognition and permission to succeed. If this procedure was ignored, the succession was cancelled by the Shogunate, and a han was abolished in a practice called toritsubushi (scrapping) in Japanese.
Though every daimyo swore loyalty to the Shogun, their relationships varied. Aside from personal factors, the relationship between each han and the bakufu was determined and influenced by the relationship between the founder of the han and the shogunate or the ancestors of the Tokugawa. Roughly there were three classifications: Shinpan (Tokugawa's relatives), "Fudai" (those who had been friendly to Tokugawa from before "Battle of Sekigahara" and "Tozama" (those who were against Tokugawa at the time of Sekigahara). There was another classification by size of domain.
"Rank_of_Han" name="Rank_of_Han"
"Edit section: Rank of Han" Rank of Han
Han varied by size and therefore by income. Every han was classified by the shogunate mainly by size. But the classification was determined by political significance, and han and daimyo were expected to behave suitably to their class.
The largest han occupied domains wider than a province and their daimyo were called kokushu, provincial lord. In Mutsu and Dewa provinces major daimyo were also granted this class, as their han occupied the whole province. Maeda, Shimazu, Ikeda, Date and other major daimyo were classified as provincial lords.
Some han were assigned to the highest rank provincial lord, even though their han were small, which could become a financial burden in some situations.
The lowest ranked daimyo were forbidden to build a castle. In the early years of the Edo period the Shogunate enacted the one province, one castle policy but later multiple castles were built in a province.
Wei Zheng, a famous statesman of the Tang Dynasty
Northern Wei
"Northern Wei Dynasty"
Year
People
Number
Destination
398
Hsien-pei of Hopei and Northern "Shantung" 100,000
"Datong" 399
Great Chinese families
2,000 families
"Datong" 399
Chinese peasants from Honan
100,000
"Shanxi" 418
Hsien-pei of Hopei
?
"Datong" 427
Pop. of the Kingdom of Hsia
10,000
"Shanxi" 432
Pop. of Liaoning
30,000 families
Hopei
435
Pop. of Shensi and Kansu
?
"Datong" 445
Chinese peasants from Honan and Shantung
?
North of Yellow River
449
Craftsmen from Changan
2,000 families
etc.
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